多梳复合控制普遍存在的转录基因组活动[研究]

Polycomb Group (PcG) complexes PRC1 and PRC2 are well known for silencing specific developmental genes. PRC2 is a methyltransferase targeting histone H3K27 and producing H3K27me3, essential for stable silencing. Less well known but quantitatively much more important is the genome-wide role of PRC2 that dimethylates ~70% of total H3K27. We show that H3K27me2 occurs in inverse proportion to transcriptional activity in most non-PcG target genes and intergenic regions. H3K27me2 levels are governed by opposing roaming activities of PRC2 and the H3K27 demethylase UTX complexes. Surprisingly, loss of H3K27me2 results in global transcriptional derepression proportionally greatest in silent or weakly transcribed intergenic and genic regions and accompanied by increase of H3K27ac and H3K4me1. H3K27me2 therefore sets a threshold that prevents random, unscheduled transcription all over the genome and limits the activity of even highly transcribed genes. PRC1-type complexes also have global roles. Unexpectedly, we find a pervasive distribution of histone H2A ubiquitylated at lysine 118 (H2AK118ub) outside of canonical PcG target regions, dependent on the RING1 subunit of PRC1-type complexes. We show, however, that H2AK118ub does not mediate the global PRC2 activity nor the global repression and is produced by a new complex involving L(3)73Ah, a homolog of mammalian PCGF3.

• http://genome.cshlp.org/cgi/reprint/gr.188920.114v1?rss=1

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基因表达是一个稳定的选择的卡片房子模型下

Divergence in gene regulation is hypothesized to underlie much of phenotypic evolution, but the role of natural selection in shaping the molecular phenotype of gene expression continues to be debated. To resolve the mode of gene expression, evolution requires accessible theoretical predictions for the effect of selection over long timescales. Evolutionary quantitative genetic models of phenotypic evolution can provide such predictions, yet those predictions depend on the underlying hypotheses about the distributions of mutational and selective effects that are notoriously difficult to disentangle. Here, we draw on diverse genomic data sets including expression profiles of natural genetic variation and mutation accumulation lines, empirical estimates of genomic mutation rates, and inferences of genetic architecture to differentiate contrasting hypotheses for the roles of stabilizing selection and mutation in shaping natural expression variation. Our analysis suggests that gene expression evolves in a domain of phenotype space well fit by the House-of-Cards (HC) model. Although the strength of selection inferred is sensitive to the number of loci controlling gene expression, the model is not. The consistency of these results across evolutionary time from budding yeast through fruit fly implies that this model is general and that mutational effects on gene expression are relatively large. Empirical estimates of the genetic architecture of gene expression traits imply that selection provides modest constraints on gene expression levels for most genes, but that the potential for regulatory evolution is high. Our prediction using data from laboratory environments should encourage the collection of additional data sets allowing for more nuanced parameterizations of HC models for gene expression.

• http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/msv094v2?rss=1

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IMSEQ——一个快速和错误意识到免疫遗传的序列分析方法

Motivation: Recombined T- and B-cell receptor repertoires are increasingly being studied using next generation sequencing (NGS) in order to interrogate the repertoire composition as well as changes in the distribution of receptor clones under different physiological and disease states. This type of analysis requires efficient and unambiguous clonotype assignment to a large number of NGS read sequences, including the identification of the incorporated V and J gene segments and the CDR3 sequence. Current tools have deficits with respect to performance, accuracy and documentation of their underlying algorithms and usage.

Results: We present IMSEQ, a method to derive clonotype repertoires from NGS data with sophisticated routines for handling errors stemming from PCR and sequencing artefacts. The application can handle different kinds of input data originating from single- or paired-end sequencing in different configurations and is generic regarding the species and gene of interest. We have carefully evaluated our method with simulated and real world data and show that IMSEQ is superior to other tools with respect to its clonotyping as well as standalone error correction and runtime performance.

Availability and implementation: IMSEQ was implemented in C++ using the SeqAn library for efficient sequence analysis. It is freely available under the GPLv2 open source license and can be downloaded at www.imtools.org.

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Contact: lkuchenb@inf.fu-berlin.de or peter.robinson@charite.de

• http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/btv309v1?rss=1

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击毙了:串联重复注释库

Motivation: Currently, more than 40 sequence tandem repeat detectors are published, providing heterogeneous, partly complementary, partly conflicting results.

Results: We present TRAL, a tandem repeat annotation library that allows running and parsing of various detection outputs, clustering of redundant or overlapping annotations, several statistical frameworks for filtering false positive annotations, and importantly a tandem repeat annotation and refinement module based on circular profile hidden Markov models (cpHMMs). Using TRAL, we evaluated the performance of a multi-step tandem repeat annotation workflow on 547,085 sequences in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. The researcher can use these results to predict run-times for specific datasets, and to choose annotation complexity accordingly.

Availability and implementation: TRAL is an open-source Python3 library and is available, together with documentation and tutorials via http://www.vital-it.ch/software/tral.

Contact: elke.schaper@isb-sib.ch

• http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/btv306v1?rss=1

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DockStar:小说ILP-based综合多分子的蛋白质复合物的结构建模方法

Motivation: Atomic resolution modeling of large multimolecular assemblies is a key task in Structural Cell Biology. Experimental techniques can provide atomic resolution structures of single proteins and small complexes, or low resolution data of large multimolecular complexes.

Results: We present a novel integrative computational modeling method, which integrates both low and high resolution experimental data. The algorithm accepts as input atomic resolution structures of the individual subunits obtained from X-ray, NMR or homology modeling, and interaction data between the subunits obtained from mass spectrometry. The optimal assembly of the individual subunits is formulated as an Integer Linear Programming task. The method was tested on several representative complexes, both in the bound and unbound cases. It placed correctly most of the subunits of multimolecular complexes of up to 16 subunits and significantly outperformed the CombDock and Haddock multimolecular docking methods.

Availability and implementation: http://bioinfo3d.cs.tau.ac.il/DockStar

Contact: naamaamir@mail.tau.ac.il or wolfson@tau.ac.il

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

• http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/btv270v2?rss=1

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在PP2A调节亚基B家族基因突变ppp2r5b，PPP2R5C和ppp2r5d引起人类过度生长

Overgrowth syndromes comprise a group of heterogeneous disorders characterised by excessive growth parameters, often in association with intellectual disability. To identify new causes of human overgrowth, we have been undertaking trio-based exome sequencing studies in overgrowth patients and their unaffected parents. Prioritisation of functionally relevant genes with multiple unique de novo mutations revealed four mutations in PP2A regulatory subunit B family genes PPP2R5B, PPP2R5C and PPP2R5D. This observation in three related genes in 111 individuals with a similar phenotype is greatly in excess of the expected number, as determined from gene-specific de novo mutation rates (P=1.43x10^–10). Analysis of exome sequencing data from a follow-up series of overgrowth probands identified a further pathogenic mutation, bringing the total number of affected individuals to five. Heterozygotes shared similar phenotypic features including increased height, increased head circumference and intellectual disability. The mutations clustered within a region of nine amino acid residues in the aligned protein sequences (P=1.6x10^–5). We mapped the mutations onto the crystal structure of the PP2A holoenzyme complex to predict their molecular and functional consequences. These studies suggest that the mutations may affect substrate binding, thus perturbing the ability of PP2A to dephosphorylate particular protein substrates. PP2A is a major negative regulator of AKT. Thus, our data further expands the list of genes encoding components of the PI3K/AKT signalling cascade that are disrupted in human overgrowth conditions.

• http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/ddv182v2?rss=1

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使用合成读长测序揭示遥远的剪接分子共协会全面的转录组分析

Illumina-based synthetic long read RNA-seq enables comprehensive analysis of alternative splicing in transcriptomes.

• http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nbt/rss/aop/~3/xLwwydCKtwo/nbt.3242

[详细]

人磷酸果糖激酶-1和肿瘤相关基因突变的原子基础结构

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1), the ‘gatekeeper’ of glycolysis, catalyses the committed step of the glycolytic pathway by converting fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Allosteric activation and inhibition of PFK1 by over ten metabolites and in response to hormonal signalling fine-tune glycolytic flux to meet energy requirements. Mutations inhibiting PFK1 activity cause glycogen storage disease type VII, also known as Tarui disease, and mice deficient in muscle PFK1 have decreased fat stores. Additionally, PFK1 is proposed to have important roles in metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Despite its critical role in glucose flux, the biologically relevant crystal structure of the mammalian PFK1 tetramer has not been determined. Here we report the first structures of the mammalian PFK1 tetramer, for the human platelet isoform (PFKP), in complex with ATP–Mg2+ and ADP at 3.1 and 3.4 Å, respectively. The structures reveal substantial conformational changes in the enzyme upon nucleotide hydrolysis as well as a unique tetramer interface. Mutations of residues in this interface can affect tetramer formation, enzyme catalysis and regulation, indicating the functional importance of the tetramer. With altered glycolytic flux being a hallmark of cancers, these new structures allow a molecular understanding of the functional consequences of somatic PFK1 mutations identified in human cancers. We characterize three of these mutations and show they have distinct effects on allosteric regulation of PFKP activity and lactate production. The PFKP structural blueprint for somatic mutations as well as the catalytic site can guide therapeutic targeting of PFK1 activity to control dysregulated glycolysis in disease.

• http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nature/rss/aop/~3/hmHUsTeWs_0/nature14405

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肿瘤基因组模拟与众包的基准体的单核苷酸变异检测相结合

The first report of the ICGC-TCGA DREAM Somatic Mutation Calling Challenge introduces the BAMSurgeon tool for accurate tumor simulation and reports the performance of 248 submissions in calling single-nucleotide variants from three pairs of synthetic tumor–normal genome benchmarks.

• http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nmeth/rss/aop/~3/vXsvZCp5kkk/nmeth.3407

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一个无标记的微流体装置，循环肿瘤细胞团簇物理捕获

The Cluster-Chip provides highly efficient and gentle capture of circulating tumor cell clusters from milliliters of unprocessed whole blood, making it possible to study how these clusters contribute to metastasis.

• http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nmeth/rss/aop/~3/A6LB4XJOp7Y/nmeth.3404

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活体单细胞标记的引物转换限制

Primed conversion of proteins such as Dendra2 confines photoconversion to a limited 3D volume through a sequential absorption process relying on illumination with two separate low-intensity lasers and enables precise targeting of single cells.

• http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nmeth/rss/aop/~3/dXeL0PJgzXU/nmeth.3405

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探索细胞嵌兆道尔顿蛋白复合物DNP支持固态核磁共振

Dynamic nuclear polarization–based solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is applied to study the structure of a large bacterial membrane protein complex in its cellular environment.

• http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nmeth/rss/aop/~3/KTb_sWF_Qco/nmeth.3406

[详细]

咖啡:考虑到评估结果错误,暴露在电力协会研究分析

Motivation: Very large studies are required to provide sufficiently big sample sizes for adequately powered association analyses. This can be an expensive undertaking and it is important that an accurate sample size is identified. For more realistic sample size calculation and power analysis, the impact of unmeasured aetiological determinants and the quality of measurement of both outcome and explanatory variables should be taken into account. Conventional methods to analyse power use closed-form solutions that are not flexible enough to cater for all of these elements easily. They often result in a potentially substantial overestimation of the actual power.

Results: In this article, we describe the Estimating Sample-size and Power in R by Exploring Simulated Study Outcomes tool that allows assessment errors in power calculation under various biomedical scenarios to be incorporated. We also report a real world analysis where we used this tool to answer an important strategic question for an existing cohort.

Availability and implementation: The software is available for online calculation and downloads at http://espresso-research.org. The code is freely available at https://github.com/ESPRESSO-research.

Contact: louqman@gmail.com

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

• http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/btv219v2?rss=1

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分析化验impedance-based细胞增长

Motivation: Impedance-based technologies are advancing methods for measuring proliferation of adherent cell cultures non-invasively and in real time. The analysis of the resulting data has so far been hampered by inappropriate computational methods and the lack of systematic data to evaluate the characteristics of the assay.

Results: We used a commercially available system for impedance-based growth measurement (xCELLigence) and compared the reported cell index with data from microscopy. We found that the measured signal correlates linearly with the cell number throughout the time of an experiment with sufficient accuracy in subconfluent cell cultures. The resulting growth curves for various colon cancer cells could be well described with the empirical Richards growth model, which allows for extracting quantitative parameters (such as characteristic cycle times). We found that frequently used readouts like the cell index at a specific time or the area under the growth curve cannot be used to faithfully characterize growth inhibition. We propose to calculate the average growth rate of selected time intervals to accurately estimate time-dependent IC50 values of drugs from growth curves.

Contact: nils.bluethgen@charite.de

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

• http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/btv216v2?rss=1

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phylogeo R:an analysis and地理资料visualization of microbiome数据

Motivation: We have created an R package named phylogeo that provides a set of geographic utilities for sequencing-based microbial ecology studies. Although the geographic location of samples is an important aspect of environmental microbiology, none of the major software packages used in processing microbiome data include utilities that allow users to map and explore the spatial dimension of their data. phylogeo solves this problem by providing a set of plotting and mapping functions that can be used to visualize the geographic distribution of samples, to look at the relatedness of microbiomes using ecological distance, and to map the geographic distribution of particular sequences. By extending the popular phyloseq package and using the same data structures and command formats, phylogeo allows users to easily map and explore the geographic dimensions of their data from the R programming language.

Availability and Implementation: phylogeo is documented and freely available http://zachcp.github.io/phylogeo

Contact: zcharlop@rockefeller.edu

• http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/btv269v2?rss=1

[详细]

文明:圆形基因组具有独特特性的可视化分析序列元素

Summary: We have developed CiVi, a user-friendly web-based tool to create custom circular maps to aid the analysis of microbial genomes and sequence elements. Sequence related data such as gene-name, COG class, PFAM domain, GC%, and subcellular location can be comprehensively viewed. Quantitative gene-related data (e.g. expression ratios or read counts) as well as predicted sequence elements (e.g. regulatory sequences) can be uploaded and visualized. CiVi accommodates the analysis of genomic elements by allowing a visual interpretation in the context of: (i) their genome-wide distribution, (ii) provided experimental data and (iii) the local orientation and location with respect to neighboring genes. CiVi thus enables both experts and non-experts to conveniently integrate public genome data with the results of genome analyses in circular genome maps suitable for publication.

Contact: L.Overmars@gmail.com

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Availability and implementation: CiVi is freely available at http://civi.cmbi.ru.nl

• http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/btv249v2?rss=1

[详细]

推断,照样会出现数据特有的功能通过联合排名照样会出现和通路从匹配和基因表达数据

Motivation: In practice, identifying and interpreting the functional impacts of the regulatory relationships between micro-RNA and messenger-RNA is non-trivial. The sheer scale of possible micro-RNA and messenger-RNA interactions can make the interpretation of results difficult.

Results: We propose a supervised framework, pMim, built upon concepts of significance combination, for jointly ranking regulatory micro-RNA and their potential functional impacts with respect to a condition of interest. Here, pMim directly tests if a micro-RNA is differentially expressed and if its predicted targets, which lie in a common biological pathway, have changed in the opposite direction. We leverage the information within existing micro-RNA target and pathway databases to stabilize the estimation and annotation of micro-RNA regulation making our approach suitable for datasets with small sample sizes. In addition to outputting meaningful and interpretable results, we demonstrate in a variety of datasets that the micro-RNA identified by pMim, in comparison to simpler existing approaches, are also more concordant with what is described in the literature.

Availability and implementation: This framework is implemented as an R function, pMim, in the package sydSeq available from http://www.ellispatrick.com/r-packages.

Contact: jean.yang@sydney.edu.au

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

• http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/btv220v2?rss=1

[详细]

StructureFold:全基因组RNA二级结构映射和重建体内

Motivation: RNAs fold into complex structures that are integral to the diverse mechanisms underlying RNA regulation of gene expression. Recent development of transcriptome-wide RNA structure profiling through the application of structure-probing enzymes or chemicals combined with high-throughput sequencing has opened a new field that greatly expands the amount of in vitro and in vivo RNA structural information available. The resultant datasets provide the opportunity to investigate RNA structural information on a global scale. However, the analysis of high-throughput RNA structure profiling data requires considerable computational effort and expertise.

Results: We present a new platform, StructureFold, that provides an integrated computational solution designed specifically for large-scale RNA structure mapping and reconstruction across any transcriptome. StructureFold automates the processing and analysis of raw high-throughput RNA structure profiling data, allowing the seamless incorporation of wet-bench structural information from chemical probes and/or ribonucleases to restrain RNA secondary structure prediction via the RNAstructure and ViennaRNA package algorithms. StructureFold performs reads mapping and alignment, normalization and reactivity derivation, and RNA structure prediction in a single user-friendly web interface or via local installation. The variation in transcript abundance and length that prevails in living cells and consequently causes variation in the counts of structure-probing events between transcripts is accounted for. Accordingly, StructureFold is applicable to RNA structural profiling data obtained in vivo as well as to in vitro or in silico datasets. StructureFold is deployed via the Galaxy platform.

Availability and Implementation: StructureFold is freely available as a component of Galaxy available at: https://usegalaxy.org/.

Contact: yxt148@psu.edu or sma3@psu.edu

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

• http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/btv213v2?rss=1

[详细]

kSNP3.0:SNP检测和系统发育分析基因组没有基因组比对和参考基因组

Summary:We announce the release of kSNP3.0, a program for SNP identification and phylogenetic analysis without genome alignment or the requirement for reference genomes. kSNP3.0 is a significantly improved version of kSNP v2.

Availability and implementation: kSNP3.0 is implemented as a package of stand-alone executables for Linux and Mac OS X under the open-source BSD license. The executable packages, source code and a full User Guide are freely available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/ksnp/files/

Contact: barryghall@gmail.com

• http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/btv271v2?rss=1

[详细]

germlncrna：独特的目录的长非编码RNA和相关法规在雄性生殖细胞发育

Spermatogenic failure is a major cause of male infertility, which affects millions of couples worldwide. Recent discovery of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as critical regulators in normal and disease development provides new clues for delineating the molecular regulation in male germ cell development. However, few functional lncRNAs have been characterized to date. A major limitation in studying lncRNA in male germ cell development is the absence of germ cell-specific lncRNA annotation. Current lncRNA annotations are assembled by transcriptome data from heterogeneous tissue sources; specific germ cell transcript information of various developmental stages is therefore under-represented, which may lead to biased prediction or fail to identity important germ cell-specific lncRNAs. GermlncRNA provides the first comprehensive web-based and open-access lncRNA catalogue for three key male germ cell stages, including type A spermatogonia, pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids. This information has been developed by integrating male germ transcriptome resources derived from RNA-Seq, tiling microarray and GermSAGE. Characterizations on lncRNA-associated regulatory features, potential coding gene and microRNA targets are also provided. Search results from GermlncRNA can be exported to Galaxy for downstream analysis or downloaded locally. Taken together, GermlncRNA offers a new avenue to better understand the role of lncRNAs and associated targets during spermatogenesis.

Database URL: http://germlncrna.cbiit.cuhk.edu.hk/

• http://database.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/2015/0/bav044?rss=1

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图：为雷蒙德氏棉功能基因组学分析平台

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is one of the most important natural fiber and oil crops worldwide. Improvement of fiber yield and quality under changing environments attract much attention from cotton researchers; however, a functional analysis platform integrating omics data is still missing. The success of cotton genome sequencing and large amount of available transcriptome data allows the opportunity to establish a comprehensive analysis platform for integrating these data and related information. A comprehensive database, Platform of Functional Genomics Analysis in Gossypium raimondii (GraP), was constructed to provide multi-dimensional analysis, integration and visualization tools. GraP includes updated functional annotation, gene family classifications, protein–protein interaction networks, co-expression networks and microRNA–target pairs. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis and cis-element significance analysis tools are also provided for gene batch analysis of high-throughput data sets. Based on these effective services, GraP may offer further information for subsequent studies of functional genes and in-depth analysis of high-throughput data. GraP is publically accessible at http://structuralbiology.cau.edu.cn/GraP/, with all data available for downloading.

• http://database.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/2015/0/bav047?rss=1

[详细]

一个动态的进化和功能的景观植物相小干扰RNA

Background: Secondary, phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) derived from protein-coding or noncoding loci (PHAS) are emerging as a new type of regulators of gene expression in plants. However, the evolution and function of these novel siRNAs in plant species remain largely unexplored. Results: We systematically analyzed PHAS loci in 23 plant species covering major phylogenetic groups spanning alga, moss, gymnosperm, basal angiosperm, monocot, and dicot. We identified over 3,300 PHAS loci, among which ~1,600 were protein-coding genes. Most of these PHAS loci were novel and clade- or species-specific and showed distinct expression patterns in association with particular development stages, viral infection, or abiotic stresses. Unexpectedly, numerous PHAS loci produced phasiRNAs from introns or exon–intron junction regions. Our comprehensive analysis suggests that phasiRNAs predominantly regulate protein-coding genes from which they are derived and genes from the same families of the phasiRNA-deriving genes, in contrast to the dominant trans-regulatory mode of miRNAs. The stochastic occurrence of many PHAS loci in the plant kingdom suggests their young evolutionary origins. Conclusions: Our study discovered an unprecedented diversity of protein-coding genes that produce phasiRNAs in a wide variety of plants, and set a kingdom-wide foundation for investigating the novel roles of phasiRNAs in shaping phenotype diversities of plants.

• http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/13/32

[详细]

使用多个分区密码子替换模型的最大似然树估计

Many protein sequences have distinct domains that evolve with different rates, different selective pressures, or may differ in codon bias. Instead of modeling these differences by more and more complex models of molecular evolution, we present a multipartition approach that allows maximum-likelihood phylogeny inference using different codon models at predefined partitions in the data. Partition models can, but do not have to, share free parameters in the estimation process. We test this approach with simulated data as well as in a phylogenetic study of the origin of the leucin-rich repeat regions in the type III effector proteins of the pythopathogenic bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum. Our study does not only show that a simple two-partition model resolves the phylogeny better than a one-partition model but also gives more evidence supporting the hypothesis of lateral gene transfer events between the bacterial pathogens and its eukaryotic hosts.

• http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/msv097v2?rss=1

[详细]

Repeat -与Error-Aware Deletions…

Motivation: The number of reported genetic variants is rapidly growing, empowered by ever faster accumulation of next-generation sequencing data. A major issue is comparability. Standards that address the combined problem of inaccurately predicted breakpoints and repeat-induce ambiguities are missing. This decisively lowers the quality of "consensus" callsets and hampers the removal of duplicate entries in variant databases, which can have deleterious effects in downstream analyses.

Results: We introduce a sound framework for comparison of deletions that captures both tool-induced inaccuracies and repeat-induced ambiguities. We present a maximum matching algorithm that outputs virtual duplicates among two sets of predictions/annotations. We demonstrate that our approach is clearly superior over ad hoc criteria, like overlap, and that it can reduce the redundancy among callsets substantially. We also identify large amounts of duplicate entries in the Database of Genomic Variants, which points out the immediate relevance of our approach.

Availability: Implementation is open source and available from https://bitbucket.org/readdi/readdi

Contact: roland.wittler@uni-bielefeld.de, t.marschall@mpi-inf.mpg.de

• http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/btv304v1?rss=1

[详细]